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We value your privacy. In the lead-up to the liberation of enslaved people under the Thirteenth Amendment , abolitionists argued about what the fate of slaves should be once they were freed. One group argued for colonization, either by returning the formerly enslaved people to Africa or creating their own homeland.
While the colonization plan did not pan out, the country, instead, set forth on a path of legally mandated segregation. Segregation soon became official policy enforced by a series of Southern laws. Through so-called Jim Crow laws named after a derogatory term for Blacks , legislators segregated everything from schools to residential areas to public parks to theaters to pools to cemeteries, asylums, jails and residential homes.
There were separate waiting rooms for whites people and Black people in professional offices and, in , Oklahoma became the first state to even segregate public phone booths. In the outgoing Republican-controlled House and Senate passed a civil rights bill outlawing discrimination in schools, churches and public transportation. But the bill was barely enforced and was overturned by the Supreme Court in In , the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v.
Ferguson that segregation was constitutional. As part of the segregation movement, some cities instituted zoning laws that prohibited Black families from moving into white-dominant blocks. In , as part of Buchanan v. Warley, the Supreme Court found such zoning to be unconstitutional because it interfered with property rights of owners. Using loopholes in that ruling in the s, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover created a federal zoning committee to persuade local boards to pass rules preventing lower-income families from moving into middle-income neighborhoods, an effort that targeted Black families.
Richmond, Virginia, decreed that people were barred from residency on any block where they could not legally marry the majority of residents. During the Great Migration , a period between and , six million African Americans left the South. Huge numbers moved northeast and reported discrimination and segregation similar to what they had experienced in the South.
Segregated schools and neighborhoods existed, and even after World War II , Black activists reported hostile reactions when Black people attempted to move into white neighborhoods. Only a small portion of houses was built for Black families, and those were limited to segregated Black communities. Price, Polly J. Ramsey, Patsy. Semuels, Alana. Stephan, Stephan A. Stewart, Jeffrey.
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Go Back. Get Involved. Nominate an Entry Review Entries. Suggest a Topic or Author Suggest Media. Become a Volunteer Involve Students. Other Online Encyclopedias Other Resources. Lesson Plans History Day Volunteers Donors. Entries All Entries Segregation and Desegregation. Segregation and Desegregation aka: Integration Segregation and desegregation in Arkansas cannot be understood using the same model that has defined these matters in other Southern states.
Type Thing. Grades Related Media Dick Allen. Capital Citizens' Council Anti-integration Flyer. Capital Citizens' Council Graphic. Central High School. Little Rock Nine Monument. Effigy Hanging. Elaine Massacre Prisoners. Ernest Green. Hoxie: Glee Club. Silas Hunt. Jim Crow Laws Cartoon. Edith Irby Jones. Little Rock Protesters. Like Kamala Harris, I was bused.
Like Harris, I went to law school. When Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, in , uprooted the racial segregation begun under Plessy v. Ferguson in , the battle over segregation did not end. First, the Supreme Court ruled segregated public schools were unconstitutional. Virginia even closed its public schools to avoid desegregation.
In , the U. Supreme Court ruled in favor of busing as a way to end racial segregation because African-American children were still attending segregated schools.
White children had been riding school buses for decades, but the idea of using the same mechanism to desegregate public schools triggered violent protests. My hometown of Kansas City, Mo. Still, I awoke before sunrise and rode school busses crisscrossing Kansas City. Strangers appeared in my high school classrooms with clipboards, asking questions. After they left, African-American students were moved next to white students. I was asked to run for class office and an African-American teacher was promoted to vice-principal.
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