Team or Enterprise Premium FT. Pay based on use. Does my organisation subscribe? Group Subscription. Premium Digital access, plus: Convenient access for groups of users Integration with third party platforms and CRM systems Usage based pricing and volume discounts for multiple users Subscription management tools and usage reporting SAML-based single sign-on SSO Dedicated account and customer success teams.
Learn more and compare subscriptions content expands above. The purpose and the meaning of the research were explained to each subject. The subjects with normal ears were included in the study; those with apparent deformity were excluded. Morphological characteristics of the study were evaluated in order to develop standards for the unique morphology of the ear in the population.
The ears of the subjects were photographed, and some peculiar characteristics were noted in the studied population. The photographs of the ears were taken with the help of Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H55 camera at the same distance in all the subjects. The human ear can be considered as unique due its exclusive morphological structure and the organization of its various parts Fig. Sex differences and bilateral asymmetry were also evaluated in these non-metric characteristics of the ear.
The frequency distribution of these traits was evaluated separately in males and females in both the left and right ears, and simple frequency tables were made for interpretation of the results. The results of the present study show that every ear is unique in shape and size and with respect to various other morphological features. Table 1 shows the frequency of the overall shape of the left and right ears in the both sexes.
Oval shape Fig. The rectangular 8. The other types of the ear such as the oblique and round were also found in both sexes. Slight sex differences were observed as regards the overall shape of the ears in the subjects.
Bilateral asymmetry exists as regards the shape of the ear, however, not significant. Photographs showing the shape of the ear.
Table 2 details the frequency distribution of the shape of the helix Fig. The shape of the helix is highly variable in the individuals showing certain characteristics such as normally rolled helix, concave, flat, and wide covering scapha helix. Normally rolled helix was common The other types of the helix such as concave, flat, and wide covering scapha helix were present among rest of the subjects. Photographs showing the different forms of the helix. Table 3 shows the frequency distribution of the shape of the left and right earlobe Fig.
The shape of the earlobe may be of various kinds such as arched, tongue shaped, square, and triangular. Arched earlobe was found to be common The square type 3. Photographs showing the different shapes of the earlobe.
Table 4 indicates the frequency distribution of the attachment of the left and right earlobes Fig. The attached earlobe was common Partially attached earlobe was rare among the males and females on the left side; however, the free earlobe was found to be rare among the both sexes on the right side.
Photographs showing the different forms of the earlobe attachment. Table 5 indicates the frequency distribution of the thickness of the left and right earlobes Fig. The thickness of the earlobe is an important character which may be considered an individualistic feature of the person. The medium thickness of the earlobe was common The thick-type earlobes Table 6 shows the frequency distribution of the shape of the tragus Fig. Single knob tragus was found to be common The results indicate that the significant sex differences exist as far as the single knob tragus is concerned with predominance in females.
The frequency of the double knob tragus was very low, 2. Long-type tragus was absent in females; however, the trait was found among 4. Round-type tragus was observed in The shape of the tragus also varies with respect to the left and right sides as well as sexes.
Photographs showing the different shapes of the ear tragus. Table 7 shows the frequency distribution of the various shapes of the Darwin tubercles present on the left and right ears of the subjects.
In the present study, it shows a variety of structures in both the left and right sides in both sexes. The trait is usually found on the posterior aspect of the helix; however, in some cases, it was also found on the superior aspect in the present study Fig. The other types of ear such as oblique, rectangular, round, and triangular were also found in both the sexes. Bilateral asymmetry exists as regards the shape of the ear.
The size and shape of the tragus also vary with respect to the left and right sides as well as sexes. In nearly half of the cases in both males and females, the earlobe was found to be attached to the face; in many cases, it was free and some partially attached. Then, the size and shape of the earlobe also showed variations with respect to sides as well as sexes. The shape of the helix varies in individuals showing certain characteristics such as concave, rolled, flat, and wide covering scapha.
The Darwin tubercle showed a variety of structures in both the left and right sides in both sexes. The extensive variability of the human ear may be attributed to the unique structure and characteristics of the ear. To effectively use these new pinnae, you would need to wear them for a period of time to retrain your brain.
The human pinna helps you focus on interesting sounds by selectively amplifying sounds with a pitch similar to that of a human voice. The pinnae you created are too simple to amplify specific pitches but animal ears or hearing aids can. As sounds get processed, your brain further helps you ignore background noise.
Your noise detection quest will probably bring interesting sounds to your awareness, sounds you usually ignore. Your designer pinnae might still be very helpful to detect and localize faint sounds. This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies. Already a subscriber? Sign in. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. See Subscription Options. Go Paperless with Digital.
Key concepts Senses Sound waves Hearing Ear anatomy Physics Biology Introduction Have you ever been puzzled by a faint noise nearby, trying to discover what it is? Materials Heavy construction paper Scissors Tape A radio, CD player or other musical device with speakers or with a headset Ear buds do not work well for this activity. Two paper plates optional Markers or other decorative materials optional Preparation To prepare, you will create two or three types of pinnae.
A pinna is the scientific name for the extension of the ear that sticks out from the side of the head. First, create a pair of cone-shaped pinnae, also called ear trumpets. Roll a sheet of heavy construction paper in a wide cone.
One side should have a hole that is small enough so it can rest in your outer ear, near the ear canal. To avoid injury, do not insert anything inside your ear canal. Use tape to secure the cone shape. Build a second identical cone to complete your pair of ear trumpets. For your second pair, create wide and flappy pinnae, like elephants have.
Lay two pieces of heavy construction paper on top of each other and trim the edges to create two elephant ear—like shapes. Optional: Create cupped ears by cutting a triangular piece from a paper plate. Imagine if your plate were a round cake, you would cut a quarter piece of the cake away and discard that piece. Holding or taping the two cut sides of the larger piece together creates a hole, making a nice cupped pinna to put on your ear.
Make a second identical one for your other ear. Because you will put these pinnae around your ears, you might want to cover the cut edges with tape. Optional: Decorate the pinnae. Procedure Put the radio, CD player or other musical device with speaker on low volume, so you barely can detect the sound. If you use a headset, leave it on the table and put the volume on high so you can hear a faint sound without wearing it. This author is primarily involved with the development and use of products that are ear-worn hearing aid, earbuds, in-ear monitors, etc.
As such, the importance of anthropometric data has been expressed as follows:. Whether these percentages are correct or not, it is known that the dimensions of the pinna have been found to vary across different ethnic groups: Americans, 3 Italians, 4,5,6 Indian, 7,8,9 Turkish, 10,11,12 Chinese, 13 Israeli, 14 Koreans 15 and certain parts of Nigeria. This post was prefaced by stating that it would concentrate on two very basic measurements of the human auricle — those of auricle length and auricle width.
Many different methods are used to measure the surface features of the human auricle. Because of this, measurement comparisons are frequently difficult to make. But of all the measurements, that which is most likely to be measured the same way is that of auricle length Figure 2. Figure 2. Auricle length is measured from the most superior to the most inferior projection.
Both are based on using a horizontal line as the basis for the measurement. The width breadth auricle measurement shows among the greatest variability in procedure, as shown in Figure 3. It is because of differences in the width measurement reference points that result in an inability to directly compare measurements from certain studies.
A Ferrario et. The width is measured as a horizontal line measured between the two vertical dotted lines that this author added. PRA is the area where the auricle helix meets the scalp superiorly.
0コメント