As secretary of the Navy and then as attorney general, he gained a reputation as a trustbuster and supporter of African-American rights, and he also established a force of special agents that would become the FBI. Their only great-granddaughter, on the other hand, married a Danish count and purportedly raised her children overseas. Joseph Bonaparte.
Flush with cash, particularly once his secretary retrieved a box of buried treasure from Switzerland, he also purchased an even bigger property in upstate New York, with a lake at its center that is now called Lake Bonaparte.
At Point Breeze, Joseph housed an immense collection of artwork, furniture and books, as well as royal jewels from Spain, where he had been king from to Charming and refined, Joseph purportedly got along well with the local townspeople, who helped save his valuables when a fire rushed through the estate in At the same time, he hosted a steady stream of Napoleonic exiles and dignitaries, such as Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette and future First Lady Louisa Adams.
Some evidence suggests Joseph may have even declined an offer to sit on the throne of Mexico, which was then seeking independence from Spain. Various nephews came as well. He twice went back to Point Breeze but left for good in His genes, however, lived on in the United States. In , he wed Marie Louise , the daughter of the emperor of Austria. In addition to his son with Marie Louise, Napoleon had several illegitimate children. From to , France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations.
However, in December of that same year, Napoleon achieved what is considered to be one of his greatest victories at the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army defeated the Austrians and Russians. The victory resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Beginning in , Napoleon sought to wage large-scale economic warfare against Britain with the establishment of the so-called Continental System of European port blockades against British trade. In , the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in further gains for Napoleon.
During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy eliminated in the French Revolution and began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire continued to expand across much of western and central continental Europe. In , Russia withdrew from the Continental System. In retaliation, Napoleon led a massive army into Russia in the summer of In September, both sides suffered heavy casualties in the indecisive Battle of Borodino.
Retreating Russians set fires across the city in an effort to deprive enemy troops of supplies. After waiting a month for a surrender that never came, Napoleon, faced with the onset of the Russian winter, was forced to order his starving, exhausted army out of Moscow. During the disastrous retreat, his army suffered continual harassment from a suddenly aggressive and merciless Russian army.
At the same time as the catastrophic Russian invasion, French forces were engaged in the Peninsular War , which resulted in the Spanish and Portuguese, with assistance from the British, driving the French from the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon then retreated to France, and in March coalition forces captured Paris. On April 6, , Napoleon, then in his mids, was forced to abdicate the throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy.
He was given sovereignty over the small island, while his wife and son went to Austria. On February 26, , after less than a year in exile, Napoleon escaped Elba and sailed to the French mainland with a group of more than 1, supporters. Josephine was very elegant and influenced the fashion of the First French Empire. She loved animals and flowers; in her residence at Malmaison, near Paris, she had a greenhouse built in which she cultivated exotic plants, which reminded her of her island home.
Her favourite flower was the rose. She gave birth to a single child, a son who was destined to rule the Empire after his father Napoleon. Marie-Louise was sensitive, with a merry disposition. She liked drawing and painting, and even executed several portraits of Napoleon and of their son. On the fall of the French Empire, she returned to Austria to be near her father.
She became Duchess of Parma, and went to live in that Italian city. He was very spoiled by his father Napoleon, who adored him. He reigned symbolically since he was only 3 years old! Then in , when the French Empire fell once and for all, he followed his mother Marie-Louise to Austria.
He fell ill and died at a very young age, only 21 years old. Then he accompanied his brother, now a general, on his early military campaigns in Italy and in Egypt. At the age of 28, Louis became King of Holland and went to considerable effort to modernise this small country.
He even learned Dutch, a difficult language, spoken by the people of Holland. But he quickly clashed with his older brother Napoleon who did not let him govern as he pleased. His health was delicate, so he decided to go and live in Italy.
She had a gift for music and wrote and composed romantic songs. Many people in the province of Quebec do, however, speak French, because they have history with the French.
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